Thursday, October 11, 2012

Earlier in 1910 Bohr had met Margrethe Nørlund, sister of the mathematician  Niels Erik Nørlund. The




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Niels Henrik David Bohr  ( Danish pronunciation:  [ˈnels ˈboɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen.
He was part of the British team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who in 1975 also received the Nobel Prize. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1885. His father, Christian Bohr, was professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen (it is his name which is given to the  Bohr shift or Bohr effect), while his mother, discount car rentals in florida Ellen Adler Bohr, came from a wealthy discount car rentals in florida Jewish family prominent in Danish discount car rentals in florida banking and parliamentary circles (in 1891, Bohr was baptized a Lutheran, his father s religion). Despite having discount car rentals in florida a religious background, discount car rentals in florida he later resigned his membership from the Lutheran Church and became an atheist. His brother was Harald Bohr, a mathematician and Olympicfootballer who played on the Danish national team. Niels Bohr was a passionate footballer as well, and the two brothers played a number discount car rentals in florida of matches for the Copenhagen-based Akademisk Boldklub, with Niels in goal.
In 1903, Bohr enrolled as an undergraduate at Copenhagen University, initially studying philosophy and mathematics. In 1905, prompted by a gold medal competition sponsored by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, he conducted a series of experiments to examine the properties of surface tension, using his father s laboratory in the university, familiar to him from assisting there since childhood. His essay won the prize, and it was this success that decided Bohr to abandon philosophy and adopt physics.   He continued as a graduate student at the University of Copenhagen, discount car rentals in florida under the physicist Christian Christiansen, discount car rentals in florida receiving his doctorate in 1911.
As a post-doctoral student, Bohr first conducted experiments under J. J. Thomson, of Trinity College, Cambridge discount car rentals in florida and Cavendish Laboratory. In 1912 he met and later joined Ernest Rutherford at Manchester University, where on and off he spent four fruitful years in association with the older physics professor. In 1916, Bohr returned discount car rentals in florida permanently to the University of Copenhagen, where he was appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics, a position created especially for him. In 1918 he began efforts to establish the University Institute of Theoretical Physics, which he later directed.
Earlier in 1910 Bohr had met Margrethe Nørlund, sister of the mathematician  Niels Erik Nørlund. They were married in Copenhagen in 1912. Of their six sons, the oldest died in a boating accident and another died from childhood meningitis. The others went on to lead successful lives, including Aage Bohr, who became a very successful physicist and, like his father, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1975. His other sons were Hans Henrik, a physician, Erik, a chemical engineer, and Ernest, a lawyer.
In 1922, Bohr was awarded discount car rentals in florida the Nobel Prize in physics  for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.  The award recognized his early leading work in the emerging field of quantum mechanics.
While at Manchester University, Bohr had adapted Rutherford s nuclear discount car rentals in florida structure to Max Planck s quantum theory and so obtained a model of atomic discount car rentals in florida structure which, with later improvements – mainly as a result of Heisenberg s concepts discount car rentals in florida – remains valid to this day. Bohr published his model of atomic structure in 1913. Here he introduced the theory of electrons discount car rentals in florida traveling in orbitsaround discount car rentals in florida the atom s nucleus, the chemical properties of each element being largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits of its atoms. Bohr also introduced the idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, in the process emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy. This became a basis for quantum theory.
Among the international community of nuclear physicists, Bohr came to play the role of convener of discussion groups and lectures, as well as being a mentor and an advisor. With the assistance of the Danish government and the Carlsberg Foundation, he succeeded in founding the Institute of Theoretical Physics in 1921, of which he became director. Bohr s institute served as a focal point for researchers into Quantum Mechanics and related subjects in the 1920s and 1930s, when most of the world s best known theoretical physicists spent some time in his company. Bohr became widely appreciated as their congenial host and eminent colleague, both at the Institute and at the Foundation discount car rentals in florida s mansion discount car rentals in florida in Carlsberg, where he and his family resided after 1932.
Bohr also conceived the principle of complementarity: that items could be separately analyzed as having several contradictory properties. For example, physicists currently conclude that light behaves either as a wave or a stream of particles depending on the experimental framework – two apparently mutually exclusive properties – on the basis of this principle. Bohr found philosophical applications for this daring principle. [ specify ]  Albert Einstein much preferred the determinism of classical physics over the probabilistic new quantum physics (to which among many others Einstein himself had unwittingly contributed). Philosophical issues that arose from the novel aspects of Quantum Mechanics became widely celebrated subjects of discussion. Einstein and Bohr had good-natured arguments over such issues throughout their lives. See article Bohr–Einstein debates.
Werner Heisenberg discount car rentals in florida worked as an assistant to Bohr and university lecturer in Copenhagen from 1926 to 1927. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. Heisenberg later became head of the German nuclear energy project. In April 1940, early in World War II, Germany invaded and occupied Denmark. In September 1941, Bohr was visited by Heisenberg in Copenhagen. discount car rentals in florida See section below.

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